Every once in awhile, a comment or set of comments will prompt a blogger to draw them together in a new post. C's and Chris's comments to the previous post on women athletes and weight, which urge the conversation toward gender and sexuality, are a case in point. My comment response ballooned, sent me to the tubes to confirm some vague memory about women's tennis (details below), and then I decided this deserved its own post.
In grad school I wrote a seminar paper on women athlete's bodies as a site of anxiety about sexuality, especially the WNBA's attempts to hyper-heterosexualize its players in the league's early years. Photoshoots feature the sleekest, thinnest of WNBA players in tight sweaters and leather and dresses. Announcers emphasized certain players' love of lipstick or off-season careers (kindergarten teacher, model) in order to stress that these are Ladies. I remember one valentine-themed commercial featuring men "groupies" of WNBA, running into players on an elevator and giving them creepy googly eyes and saying "excellent crossover dribble."
Here's a small selection of photos of the first faces of the WNBA, Jennifer Azzi, Lisa Leslie, and Sheryl Swoopes.
It's interesting to note how only Azzi's arms are exposed. The Swoopes photo, in fact, where the arms are entirely cropped off, appears in ESPN magazine in a lengthy article about Swoopes's coming out as a lesbian. The trick here becomes deciphering whether the ESPN portrayal is a) flying in the face of stereotypes about lesbian bodies or athlete bodies, b) downplaying the athletic bodies in favor of a 'human interest' story, or c) playing into masculine fantasies about lesbian sex, the ultimate hetero man cliche. I'm just saying, there's something going on here with the discomfort with women's muscles: no one seems to know what to make of them.
In the WNBA's early years (mid 1990s), women's basketball was being presented as the best of all possible sports for hettie men because those men could play out their sexual fantasies even as they indulged their love for sports. There was no room for lesbianism, when at the same time many prominent players (the league's first mvp, Cynthia Cooper and Sheryl Swoopes e.g.) are relatively out lesbians. The other pro league, the ABL (since folded) presented its players as athletes and even advertised in Out magazine. (Note how the binary becomes woman v. athlete here. I think that's how it works.) Don't even get me started on WNBA Barbie (pictured at left), whose hairbrush is three times as big as her water bottle, and whose physical differences from 'regular barbie' come down to a little more height and flat feet--at least this one can stand (unless she's holding the ball, then she topples over).
There was also the hubbub about a strong and tall (5'9") tennis player, Amelie Mauresmo
(pictured at right), an out lesbian to whom Martina Hingis referred some years ago as "half a man." I think Lindsay Davenport even got in on the action there. This instance is yet another instance where the categories of otherness and excessivness all line up: and here we have not only a bulkier than usual tennis physique, but we also have a non-American, non-straight person, etc. The category of woman can't seem to contain all these othernesses (at least that's how the logic goes). I'd argue that the same thing happens with Serena Williams, also a focus of the NYT article. And with the Williams sisters race obviously enters the picture. In fact, I'd credit the Williams sisters with beginning the redefinition of pro women's tennis bodies, starting with the things they wear. I'm positive I'm by no means the first to notice or write about this.
Obviously this is too much to write about here, and I fear losing nuance by skating from example to example, but this is something I have long been interested in for what are obvious reasons given my life as an athlete and my current one as an academic. Someday I'll share some anecdotes about how my size 'registers' in academe. Thankfully, though, a grad student at Indiana, Korryn Mosizek, is planning a dissertation that will draw together lots of these issues around sexuality and sport (men and women--because as Chris suggests, these issues are certainly not confined to women's sports, they just run very differently on each side). And I know Mindy Fenske at South Carolina is pulling together an NCA panel on theses issues. Go Mindy.
I could go on and on about how when I played our fans were upset because our shorts were getting longer--more like the guys' uniforms, and about the debates about what ABL players should wear (I can't find an image, but the early ABL uniforms looked like one-piece bathing suits). Unbelievable! Thank goodness our coaches didn't give in fully, though they did pass along the message from our administrators that we are Ladies first and athletes second--I can't help but read this as underwritten by the very kind of anxiety C's student is writing about, whereby the categories of woman and athlete are still somehow not entirely commensurable, and the trouble really does fall back on the category woman.
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